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However, steel has a disadvantage of high thermal conductivity and this causes an efficiency loss of the pressure vessel. The depth of the pressure vessel can be reduced by designing the bottom of the vessel with a triangulated design such that the heat convection of the vessel would not be high. An enhanced pressure vessel can be made by attaching a thin foil to the vessel walls which is more heat insulating than the vessel wall itself. As compared to the pressure vessel made only with steel, the pressure vessel with improved heat insulation, is termed as thermoplastic pressure vessel (T.P.V.).[9]
Another method of increasing the efficiency of the pressure vessel is the deep cold pressurizing method that achieves higher efficiency by pressurizing the vessel at a low temperature and then heats the vessel up during operation. Another advantage of the deep cold pressurizing method is that even if a pipe that conducts the heat to the shell is damaged, the pressure does not need to be lost. In a normal cold pressurizing method, the pressure vessel has to be pressurized at a cold temperature. Therefore, the efficiency of the heat exchanger will be negatively affected if the heat exchanger has a short length. In the deep cold pressurizing method, the heat exchanger can be allowed to have a long length because the whole length of the heat exchanger can be pressurized at the ambient temperature. However, the disadvantage is that there is a temperature difference between the exhaust temperature and inlet temperature. Therefore, a heat exchanger must be used in order to increase the inlet and exhaust temperature before and after the deep cold pressurizing method.
As a pressure vessel is a kind of heat exchanger, it must be designed as a heat exchanger as well. Note that the heat exchanger is not only for cooling the pressure vessel, but also for heating or supplying water to keep the pressure vessel liquid. d2c66b5586